Also known as Atterberg limits, is simply the sticking nature of soil material. It is usually used to determine the amount of clay in the soil there are mainly two procedures under geotechnical engineering materials for obtaining the atterberg limit namely; casangrande and penetrometer methods The following atterberg test procedure is based on Bs 1377

Soil specific gravity is the ratio of the density of void-less material to the density of distilled water at a certain temperature, say 270c. The specific gravity of soils is a useful data when it comes to the evaluation of volume in the soil. The difference the specific gravity test is usually whether the test is based on the British standards specification or the American standards of specifications or sometimes both. The following procedure is based on the two codes of specifications

Official residences from around the world are usually called “palaces”. Some official residences of heads of state are extremely gigantic and superbly beautiful. Some official residences are not too huge but they are elegantly captivating uniquely designed and decorated. Here are some of the most beautifully designed and expensively and lavishly decorated.

There are more than 200 countries in the world. The head of state of a constitutional monarchy is usually a king/queen, sultan or emperor and the head of government is usually a Prime Minister. A republic such as the Philippines, Mexico and others is usually headed by a president-elect. Each head of state has a so-called “official residence”. The official residence is also usually the seat of the government.

L'Ambiance Plaza was one of the worst construction disasters to take place in the US. Its collapse on April 23, 1987 killed twenty-eight workers and injured twenty-two others some seriously. This disaster blamed on sloppy construction practices led to the writing of laws to make construction workplaces much safer places to work.

During the 19th century, Sunderland was a thriving seaport. This brought pride and prosperity to the town, but it also meant that Sunderland had many aged or sick mariners to care for, as well as their wives, widows and children. To meet these needs, two charitable institutions were built in the historic East End of town: the Trafalgar Square almshouses and the Sunderland Boys’ Orphanage. uilt on the site of the former workhouse garden, Trafalgar Square was named after Admiral Nelson’s le...

Buildings or structures surrounded by water are simply spectacular and amazing. There are several famous landmarks surrounded by water located from the different parts of the world. Here are some of the most impressive architectural structures built in the midst of a body of water or near or beside a body of water such as lake, pond or river.

The Umayyads Dynasty in Spain (675-1031) reached the peak of its power at the time of the caliph Abd al-Rahman 111 (929-961). The caliph Abd al-Rahman 111 initiated the construction of the city in 936 and after his death in 961, his son, Al-Hakam 11 continued the work in the city. In 1010, Medinat Al-Zahra, which was once the symbol of the caliph’s power, and flourished for approximately 80 years was destroyed by rebellious Berber clans from North Africa. The city was buried for almost 900 year...

Between 675 and 1031, Córdoba was the capital of the Umayyad dynasty in Spain, and one of the outstanding buildings of the city is the Great Mosque of Cordoba (known as the Mesquita in Spanish). The Mosque is considered an outstanding example of the architecture of both Muslims and Christians and its masses represented an unprecedented architectural composition.

The Umayyad descendants of Abd al-Rahman I ruled Spain for more than 270 years. The most influential member of the Umayyad dynasty in Spain was Abd al-Rahman III who reigned between 912 and 961 and his son al-Hakam II (r. 961–76). During their reign, Cordoba enjoyed unprecedented prosperous period of art and architecture and became one of the most important cultural centers in the Islamic world as well as the greatest intellec tual center in Europe

Every country is concerned about creating a specific system that should be followed and strictly applied in order to create an architect. But do school of architecture create architects or do they merely prepare them to be architects. In fact, what we are doing in the various styles of education in the architecture schools is only preparing prospective young students to face the real life of building industry and that they are responsible about gaining experience and follow the rapid growing tec...

Umayyad is the first great Islamic dynasty, whose history can be divided into two periods; the Umayyad dynasty in Syria (661-750), and the Umayyad dynasty in Spain (756 - 1031). This article will shed light on the architectural production of the Umayyad dynasty in Syria, which was established in 661 by Mu'awiya, a companion of the Prophet Mohammed (pbuh).

This series of articles considers research methods one can use at Master’s level and beyond. I want to talk about the realities of doing an extended research project and to give you some practical advice based on personal experience. I’m going to discuss some of the techniques I used in my PhD. My research was in architectural history, but I’ll explain some of the techniques of historical research which you might consider using in your work. I’ll also try to give you generic advice about...

In many parts of the world, such as Spain, Greece, Sicily, Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco, there are rustic villages, which are traditionally painted with the white color and shine under the sun. The villages’ charming white houses and beautiful plazas are spectacular places, which express the traditional life style and provide a sense of relaxation and enjoyment.

One of the most popular iconic landmarks in the world is undoubtedly the Eiffel Tower of Paris, the capital city of France and the most visited city in the world. This architectural masterpiece created by Gustav Eiffel in the late 19th century is the most photographed manmade object in the world. Here are some of the most interesting facts about this historic, controversial and captivating and extremely famous tower.